/* power of n — monochrome academic theme, Latin Modern */
@font-face{font-family:lmodern;src:url('../fonts/lmroman10-regular.otf') format('opentype');font-weight:400;font-style:normal;font-display:swap}
@font-face{font-family:lmodern;src:url('../fonts/lmroman10-bold.otf') format('opentype');font-weight:700;font-style:normal;font-display:swap}
@font-face{font-family:lmodern;src:url('../fonts/lmroman10-italic.otf') format('opentype');font-weight:400;font-style:italic;font-display:swap}
@font-face{font-family:lmodern;src:url('../fonts/lmroman10-bolditalic.otf') format('opentype');font-weight:700;font-style:italic;font-display:swap}
@font-face{font-family:'Latin Modern Mono';src:url('../fonts/lmmono10-regular.otf') format('opentype');font-weight:400;font-style:normal;font-display:swap}
:root{--page-width:860px;--paper:#fff;--ink:#000;--muted:#666;--line:#ddd;--surface:#fff;--accent:#000;--button:#000;--button-ink:#fff;--serif:lmodern,'Latin Modern Roman',serif;--sans:var(--serif);--mono:'Latin Modern Mono',monospace;--gh-font-heading:var(--serif);--gh-font-body:var(--serif);color-scheme:light}
:root[data-theme=dark]{--paper:#000;--ink:#fff;--muted:#aaa;--line:#333;--surface:#000;--accent:#fff;--button:#fff;--button-ink:#000;color-scheme:dark}
@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){:root:not([data-theme]){--paper:#000;--ink:#fff;--muted:#aaa;--line:#333;--surface:#000;--accent:#fff;--button:#fff;--button-ink:#000;color-scheme:dark}}
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.gh-content{margin:48px auto 0;font-family:var(--gh-font-body,var(--serif));font-size:20px;line-height:1.85;overflow-wrap:anywhere}.gh-canvas{display:grid;grid-template-columns:[full-start] minmax(24px,1fr) [wide-start] minmax(0,210px) [main-start] min(var(--page-width),calc(100% - 48px)) [main-end] minmax(0,210px) [wide-end] minmax(24px,1fr) [full-end]}.gh-canvas>*{grid-column:main-start/main-end;min-width:0}.gh-content>*+*{margin-top:26px}.gh-content h2{font-size:36px;letter-spacing:-1px;margin-top:50px}.gh-content h3{font-size:28px;margin-top:38px}.gh-content h4,.gh-content h5,.gh-content h6{font-family:var(--sans);line-height:1.4}.gh-content a{text-decoration:underline}.gh-content ol,.gh-content ul{padding-left:26px}.gh-content li+li{margin-top:9px}.gh-content blockquote{border-left:2px solid var(--accent);padding-left:25px;font-style:italic;font-size:25px;line-height:1.6}.gh-content pre{padding:25px;overflow-x:auto;background:var(--surface);border-radius:3px;font:14px/1.7 var(--mono)}.gh-content code{font-family:var(--mono);font-size:.8em;background:var(--surface);padding:2px 5px;border-radius:3px}.gh-content pre code{padding:0}.gh-content hr{border:0;border-top:1px solid var(--line);width:100%;margin-top:45px;margin-bottom:15px}.gh-content table{display:block;max-width:100%;overflow-x:auto;border-collapse:collapse;font:15px/1.7 var(--sans)}.gh-content th,.gh-content td{border-bottom:1px solid var(--line);padding:12px 18px;text-align:left}.gh-content iframe,.gh-content video{max-width:100%}.gh-content img{margin-inline:auto}.gh-content .kg-width-wide{grid-column:wide-start/wide-end}.gh-content .kg-width-full{grid-column:full-start/full-end}.kg-image-card img{width:auto;max-height:900px}.kg-gallery-container{display:flex;flex-direction:column;gap:10px}.kg-gallery-row{display:flex;gap:10px}.kg-gallery-image{flex:1 1 0;min-width:0}.kg-gallery-image img{width:100%;height:100%;object-fit:cover}.kg-bookmark-card{font-family:var(--sans);font-size:14px}.kg-bookmark-container{display:flex;text-decoration:none!important;border:1px solid var(--line);border-radius:3px;overflow:hidden;background:var(--surface)}.kg-bookmark-content{padding:22px;flex:1;min-width:0}.kg-bookmark-title{font-weight:600}.kg-bookmark-description{color:var(--muted);margin-top:10px;font-size:13px;line-height:1.6}.kg-bookmark-metadata{display:flex;align-items:center;gap:8px;margin-top:15px;font-size:11px}.kg-bookmark-icon{width:18px;height:18px;margin:0!important}.kg-bookmark-thumbnail{width:30%;flex-shrink:0}.kg-bookmark-thumbnail img{width:100%;height:100%;object-fit:cover}.kg-button-card{display:flex}.kg-button-card.kg-align-center{justify-content:center}.kg-button-card a.kg-btn{background:var(--button);color:var(--button-ink);padding:10px 24px;text-decoration:none;border-radius:3px;font:14px/1.5 var(--sans)}.kg-callout-card{padding:24px;background:var(--surface);border-radius:3px;font-family:var(--sans);font-size:16px;display:flex;gap:16px}.kg-callout-emoji{font-size:24px}.kg-toggle-card{border:1px solid var(--line);padding:22px;font-family:var(--sans);font-size:16px}.kg-toggle-heading{display:flex;justify-content:space-between;align-items:center;gap:20px}.kg-toggle-heading-text{margin:0!important;font:600 18px/1.5 var(--sans)!important}.kg-toggle-card-icon{background:none;border:0;color:var(--ink);width:24px;padding:0}.kg-toggle-card-icon svg{width:20px;fill:currentColor}.kg-toggle-card[data-kg-toggle-state=close] .kg-toggle-content{display:none}.kg-toggle-content{margin-top:15px}.kg-file-card{border:1px solid var(--line);padding:20px;font-family:var(--sans);font-size:14px}.kg-file-card-container{display:flex;justify-content:space-between;gap:20px;text-decoration:none!important}.kg-file-card-icon{width:40px}.kg-file-card-icon svg{fill:currentColor}.kg-embed-card{display:flex;flex-direction:column;align-items:center}.kg-embed-card iframe{max-width:100%}.kg-nft-card,.kg-product-card{font-family:var(--sans)}.kg-header-card{line-height:1.2}.kg-header-card h2{line-height:1.1}.kg-header-card-button{font-family:var(--sans)}.kg-video-card,.kg-audio-card{font-family:var(--sans)}.kg-signup-card{font-family:var(--sans)}
.gh-content{font-family:var(--serif);font-size:19px;line-height:1.75;margin-top:34px}.gh-canvas{grid-template-columns:[full-start] minmax(24px,1fr) [wide-start] minmax(0,90px) [main-start] min(var(--page-width),calc(100% - 48px)) [main-end] minmax(0,90px) [wide-end] minmax(24px,1fr) [full-end]}.gh-content h2{font-size:24px;letter-spacing:0;margin-top:35px}.gh-content h3{font-size:21px;margin-top:30px}.gh-content blockquote{font-size:20px;border-left:1px solid var(--ink);padding-left:20px}.gh-content pre{border:1px solid var(--line);border-radius:0;padding:18px;font-size:15px}.gh-content code{border-radius:0;padding:1px 3px;font-size:.9em}.gh-content table{font-family:var(--serif);font-size:17px}.gh-content :is(h4,h5,h6){font-family:var(--serif)}.gh-content :is(.kg-bookmark-container,.kg-callout-card,.kg-button-card a.kg-btn){border-radius:0}.gh-content .kg-button-card a.kg-btn{border:1px solid currentColor;background:var(--paper);color:var(--ink)}.gh-content .kg-callout-card{border:1px solid var(--line)}math{font-family:var(--serif);font-size:1.1em}math[display=block]{margin-block:24px;overflow-x:auto}.footnotes{font-size:15px;border-top:1px solid var(--line);padding-top:18px}.gh-content sup a{font-size:12px}.gh-content cite{font-style:italic}
@media(max-width:760px){.site-header{flex-wrap:wrap;padding-top:25px;gap:15px}.menu-toggle{display:inline-flex;gap:10px;align-items:center;min-height:36px;font-size:16px}.site-nav{width:100%;flex-direction:column;align-items:stretch;gap:17px;padding-top:8px}.js .site-nav{display:none}.js .site-nav.is-open{display:flex}.header-actions{justify-content:flex-start;gap:24px}.intro{padding:35px 0 30px}.post-card{grid-template-columns:94px minmax(0,1fr);gap:14px}.card-title{font-size:22px}.entry-date{font-size:14px}.footer-links{gap:15px}.article-header{padding-top:35px}.article-header>h1{font-size:36px}}
@media(max-width:480px){.wrap,.prose-width{width:calc(100% - 40px)}body{font-size:17px}.post-card{display:block}.entry-date{display:block;margin-bottom:7px}.post-feed{gap:29px}.intro h1{font-size:28px}.intro-description{font-size:17px}.card-title{font-size:23px}.card-excerpt{font-size:16px}.newsletter{align-items:flex-start}.newsletter>a{margin-top:3px}.site-footer{font-size:13px}.footer-links .nav{font-size:13px}.article-header>h1{font-size:32px}.article-excerpt{font-size:18px}.gh-content{font-size:18px}.gh-canvas{grid-template-columns:[full-start] 20px [wide-start main-start] minmax(0,1fr) [wide-end main-end] 20px [full-end]}.read-next{flex-direction:column;align-items:flex-start}.kg-bookmark-thumbnail{display:none}.pagination{font-size:14px}}
@media(prefers-reduced-motion:reduce){*,*::before,*::after{scroll-behavior:auto!important;transition:none!important;animation:none!important}}

/* PDF reference font: LinBiolinumTB (Linux Biolinum Bold). */
@font-face{font-family:'Linux Biolinum';src:url('../fonts/LinBiolinum_RB.otf') format('opentype');font-weight:700;font-style:normal;font-display:swap}
:root{--title-family:'Linux Biolinum',sans-serif}
:root[data-title-font="Latin Modern"]{--title-family:var(--serif)}
.wordmark,.article-header>h1,.card-title,.read-next h2,.intro h1,.archive-header h1{font-family:var(--title-family);font-weight:700;letter-spacing:0}
.gh-content .katex{font-size:1.05em;color:inherit}
.gh-content .katex-display{max-width:100%;overflow-x:auto;overflow-y:hidden;padding:8px 0;margin:1.25em 0}
.gh-content .katex-display>.katex{display:inline-block;min-width:100%;white-space:nowrap;text-align:center}
.katex-error{color:inherit!important;font-family:var(--mono);font-size:.9em}
.katex math{font-size:inherit;margin:0}

/* Restrained syntax colors; code retains the page's white or black background. */
:root{--code-keyword:#1e429f;--code-string:#166534;--code-number:#9a3412;--code-name:#6b21a8}
:root[data-theme=dark]{--code-keyword:#93c5fd;--code-string:#86efac;--code-number:#fdba74;--code-name:#d8b4fe}
@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){:root:not([data-theme]){--code-keyword:#93c5fd;--code-string:#86efac;--code-number:#fdba74;--code-name:#d8b4fe}}
.gh-content pre code{display:block;tab-size:4;text-align:left;white-space:pre;word-break:normal;overflow-wrap:normal}
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.gh-content pre .token.keyword,.gh-content pre .token.atrule,.gh-content pre .token.boolean{color:var(--code-keyword)}
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.gh-content pre .token.number,.gh-content pre .token.constant,.gh-content pre .token.symbol{color:var(--code-number)}
.gh-content pre .token.function,.gh-content pre .token.class-name,.gh-content pre .token.decorator{color:var(--code-name)}
.gh-content pre .token.operator,.gh-content pre .token.punctuation{color:var(--ink)}
.gh-content pre .token.important,.gh-content pre .token.bold{font-weight:700}

/* Exponential-growth home mark follows the text color in both modes. */
.wordmark{display:inline-flex;align-items:center;flex-shrink:0;line-height:1}
.growth-mark{display:block;width:76px;height:54px;overflow:visible}

/* Reader tools: quiet controls on the same article column. */
.topic-nav{display:flex;flex-wrap:wrap;gap:8px 20px;padding-top:22px;font-size:15px;color:var(--muted)}.topic-nav a[aria-current=page]{color:var(--ink);text-decoration:underline}
.reader-toolbar{display:flex;justify-content:space-between;align-items:baseline;gap:24px;margin-top:24px;padding-top:15px;border-top:1px solid var(--line);font-size:15px;color:var(--muted)}.article-contents{max-width:calc(100% - 110px)}.article-contents summary{cursor:pointer;color:var(--ink)}.article-contents ol{list-style:none;margin:14px 0 0;padding:0;display:grid;gap:7px}.article-contents .contents-subsection{padding-left:18px}.article-contents a{display:block}.print-article,.copy-code,.footnote-close{border:0;background:none;color:inherit;padding:0;font:inherit;cursor:pointer}.print-article{white-space:nowrap}.print-article:hover,.copy-code:hover,.footnote-close:hover{text-decoration:underline}.print-source{display:none}
.heading-link{font:400 .65em var(--mono);margin-left:.6em;opacity:0;text-decoration:none!important}.gh-content :is(h2,h3):hover>.heading-link,.heading-link:focus-visible{opacity:.65}.gh-content :is(h2,h3){scroll-margin-top:24px}.gh-content :target{scroll-margin-top:24px}
.code-block{border:1px solid var(--line);min-width:0}.code-toolbar{display:flex;justify-content:space-between;align-items:center;padding:8px 18px;border-bottom:1px solid var(--line);font:12px/1.6 var(--mono);color:var(--muted)}.gh-content .code-block pre{border:0;margin:0;padding:16px 18px}.copy-code{min-width:58px;min-height:24px;text-align:right}.reader-status{position:absolute;width:1px;height:1px;padding:0;overflow:hidden;clip-path:inset(50%);white-space:nowrap}.copy-fallback{position:fixed;top:0;left:0;opacity:0;pointer-events:none}
.equation-row{display:flex;align-items:center;gap:14px;width:100%;min-width:0;margin:1.25em 0}.gh-content .equation-row>.katex-display{flex:1;min-width:0;margin:0;padding:8px 0}.gh-content .equation-number{flex:none;font:14px var(--mono);text-decoration:none;color:var(--muted)}.equation-row:target{outline:1px dotted var(--line);outline-offset:6px}
.footnote-popover{position:fixed;z-index:100;width:min(360px,calc(100vw - 24px));max-height:min(420px,calc(100vh - 24px));overflow:auto;background:var(--paper);color:var(--ink);border:1px solid var(--line);padding:17px 20px;font-size:16px;line-height:1.6;box-shadow:0 4px 20px #0001}.footnote-popover[hidden]{display:none}.footnote-close{display:block;margin-left:auto;font-size:13px;color:var(--muted)}.footnote-preview-body{margin:10px 0 12px}.footnote-preview-body p+p{margin-top:12px}.footnote-preview-body a,.footnote-original{text-decoration:underline}.footnote-original{font-size:13px}.footnote-ref{scroll-margin-top:24px}
.series-nav{border-top:1px solid var(--line);margin-top:42px;padding-top:25px;font-size:16px}.series-nav h2{font-family:var(--title-family);font-size:24px;margin-top:8px}.series-nav details{margin-top:16px}.series-nav summary{cursor:pointer}.series-nav ol,.series-overview ol{margin:14px 0;padding-left:24px}.series-nav li+li,.series-overview li+li{margin-top:7px}.series-nav a[aria-current=page]{font-weight:700}.series-archive{display:inline-block;margin-top:12px;font-size:14px;color:var(--muted)}.series-neighbors{display:flex;justify-content:space-between;gap:30px;padding-top:18px;margin-top:18px;border-top:1px solid var(--line);font-size:15px}.series-neighbors>a{max-width:48%}.series-neighbors>a:last-child:not(:first-child){text-align:right}.series-overview{border-block:1px solid var(--line);padding:22px 0;margin-bottom:35px}.series-overview h2{font-size:21px}
.interactive-figure{border:1px solid var(--line);padding:22px;min-width:0}.interactive-figure svg{display:block;width:100%;height:auto}.plot-grid{stroke:var(--line);stroke-width:1;fill:none}.plot-axis{stroke:var(--muted);stroke-width:1;fill:none}.plot-curve{stroke:var(--ink);stroke-width:2;fill:none}.plot-label{fill:var(--muted);font:13px var(--mono)}.figure-controls{display:flex;align-items:center;gap:18px;font-size:15px;margin-top:10px}.figure-controls label{white-space:nowrap}.figure-controls input{min-width:60px;flex:1;accent-color:var(--ink)}.figure-controls output{font:14px var(--mono);min-width:4ch}.interactive-figure figcaption{font-size:14px;line-height:1.6}.figure-current-rate{white-space:nowrap}
@media(max-width:600px){.reader-toolbar{gap:15px;font-size:14px}.article-contents{max-width:calc(100% - 90px)}.heading-link{opacity:.4}.code-toolbar{padding-inline:13px}.gh-content .code-block pre{padding:13px}.series-neighbors{flex-direction:column;gap:12px}.series-neighbors>a{max-width:100%}.series-neighbors>a:last-child:not(:first-child){text-align:left}.interactive-figure{padding:14px 10px}.figure-controls{gap:10px;font-size:14px}.equation-row{gap:9px}}
.series-nav[data-active=true]+.read-next{display:none}.print-article{min-height:32px}.footnote-close{min-height:28px}.copy-code{min-height:28px}
@media(max-width:480px){.interactive-figure .plot-label{font-size:22px}}